Grade 12 English Unit 3: Sports (with Grammar Solutions)- Language Development
Photo: nytimes.com
Working with words
A. Many English words are from other languages, such as redemption in the news above comes from the Latin word redimere, a combination of re(d)-, meaning “back,” and emere, meaning “buy.”
Now, find out the origin and the meaning of the following words from the text.
Penalty- Latin poenalis "pertaining to punishment"
Major- " from Latin maior (earlier *magios), irregular comparative of magnus "large, great"
Stadium- the Latin form of the Greek word "stadion", a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet.
Trophy- the Greek word tropē, meaning "a turning, defeat of the enemy."
Defender- Anglo-French from Old French defendeor, agent noun from defendre (one who protects from injury a champion)
Anthem- Old English ontemn, antefn, "a composition (in prose or verse) sung in alternate parts," from Late Latin antefana, from Greek antiphona "verse response"
Dejection- dejection comes from the Latin deicere meaning "throw down.
Jubilant-from Latin jūbilāns shouting for joy.
Record- English word record comes from Latin cor ((anatomy) heart. (figuratively) soul, mind.), Latin re-.
Suave- from Latin suavis "agreeable, sweet, pleasant (to the senses)
Podium- the word ‘podium’ has its origins in ancient Greece. Greek architects thought that a low structure that supported a colonnade or wall looked like a small foot, and so they called it a podion (‘a little foot’).
Tournament-from Anglo-Norman French variants of Old French torneiement, from torneier ‘take part in a tourney’
Reminiscent- from Latin reminiscentem, "remember, call to mind," from re- "again"
Incredible- from Latin incredibilis "not to be believed, extraordinary
Savor- from Old French savor "flavor, taste; sauce, seasoning; delight, pleasure,"
B. Consult a dictionary and define the following terms related to cricket.
Example:
wicket: two sets of three sticks standing in the ground with pieces of wood lying
Stump- each of the three upright pieces of wood which form a wicket.
Crease- any of a number of lines marked on the pitch at specified places/the position of a batsman during their innings.
Boundary- a hit crossing the limits of the field, scoring four or six runs.
Sixer- sixer is a player that has managed to score six-four runs or six runs during a professional match.
Googly- A googly is bowled by a leg break, or leg-spin, bowler.
Leg-bye- a run scored from a ball that has touched part of the batsman's body (apart from the hand) without touching the bat.
Wicket- each of the sets of three stumps with two bails across the top at either end of the pitch, defended by a batsman/the dismissal of a batsman
Maiden- an over in which no runs are scored.
Pitch- the strip of ground between the two sets of stumps.
Power-play- Powerplay is the term given to a set of overs with special fielding rules during a limited-overs cricket match. During a powerplay, only 2 fielders are allowed outside the 30-yard circle for the first 10 overs in an ODI match and the first 6 overs of a T20 match.
No-ball- no-ball is an illegal delivery to a batsman. It is also the Extra run awarded to the batting team as a consequence.
Yorker- a yorker is a ball bowled (a delivery) that hits the cricket pitch around the batsman's feet.
C. Pronunciation
Divide the following words into two groups in accordance with their pronunciation /aɪ/ and /eɪ/.
fine /aɪ/
shine /aɪ/
rein /eɪ/
rail /eɪ/
why /aɪ/
sleigh /eɪ/
height /aɪ/
bright /aɪ/
might /aɪ/
snail /eɪ/
break /eɪ/
fake /eɪ/
five /aɪ/
freight /eɪ/
eight /eɪ/
game /eɪ/
claim /eɪ/
friend /eɪ/
sight /aɪ/
white /aɪ/
gait /eɪ/
by /aɪ/
hail /eɪ/
frame /eɪ/
Grammar
Determiners and quantifiers
Determiners are words such as the, my, this, some, twenty, each, any, which are used before nouns.
A. Observe the following examples.
a. People have unethical justifications for all their actions.
b. Americans throw away around 2.5 million plastic bottles every hour.
c. Around 2 billion liters of human and industrial wastes are dumped into it each day.
d. All of these create the illusion of complete pleasure at our fingertips, with none of the hassles of pain.
e. If a few drops of the ocean are dirty, the whole ocean does not become dirty.
The words in boldface in the examples above are called determiners and quantifiers. We use determiners to identify things (the book) and we use quantifiers to say how much or how many (a few drops). The following table shows the determiners and quantifiers in English.
Determiners
Definite article: the
Indefinite articles: a/an
Possessives: my, your, his, her, our, their, its
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those.
Interrogatives: which, what
Quantifiers
any, all, many, much, most, some, a few, a lot of, a little, none, and the cardinal numbers (one, two, three), etc.
B. Complete the following sentences with much, many, few, or little.
a. He is an introvert. He has got very few friends.
b. I am busy preparing for my examinations. I have very little time to give to you.
c. The entire winter season was dry this year. We had little rain.
d. Our town has almost been modernized. There are few old buildings left.
e. You can come today. I haven’t got much to do.
f. The party was crowded. There were too many people.
g. How many photographs did you take while you were in Switzerland?
h. There was little traffic so I came in time.
i. Can I borrow a few books from you?
j. Mohan can’t be a good teacher. He has little patience.
C. Put each or every in the following sentences.
a. The party split into three factions, each faction headed by a former prime minister.
b. Leap years occur every four years.
c Every parent worries about their children.
d. We had a great time in Singapore. We enjoyed every minute of our time.
e. I could catch the main idea of his speech but I didn’t understand each of his words.
f. In Nepal, every motorcycle rider should wear a helmet.
g. You must read each of these books for the exam.
D. Rewrite the following sentences using all of, most of, none of, both of, or some of.
a. Your garden is superb. All of the flowers are beautiful.
b. Do you know Bharat and Kamal? Of course, I do. Both of them are my friends.
c. I bought a box of apples thinking it would be cheaper but I was mistaken. All of them were rotten.
d. When I was in the town, I asked some people for directions but none of them were able to help me. I had to call my friend.
e. We all were soaked in the rain because none of us had carried an umbrella.
f. My father is healthy in his seventies but he feels isolated because most of his friends are dead now.
g. All of the tourists are not Chinese. Some of them are Korean too.
E. Choose the best word from the brackets to complete the sentences.
a. Give me …….. money I owe you. (which/the/a/an)
b. I want ……… boat which would take me to the island. (the/an/those/a)
c. Could you pour me ……… water, please? (many/few/these/some)
d. Only …….. employees know how important the project was. (a few/a little/little/few)
e. He was looking for …….. umbrella. (an/a/those/these)
f. ………. water was evaporated due to excessive heat. (A large number of/ A lot of/ A large amount of/Many)
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